Lifeboat Ethics In Environmental Ethics Politics Essay

Lifeboat Ethics In Environmental Ethics Politics Essay Garrett Hardin is a professor of biology at the University of California, Santa Barbara wrote an essay Lifeboat Ethics a case against helping poor. It can be said an extension arguments from the idea by the environmentalist that use the metaphor of the Earth as a spaceship in trying to persuade countries, industries and people to stop wasting and polluting our natural resources. They claim that; Since we all share life on this planet, they argue, no single person or institution has the right to destroy, waste or use more than a fair share of its resources (Hardin, G. 1976). Hardin disagreed with the metaphor by the environmentalist, and try to attempts with a claim that the earth is more likely to be a lifeboat rather than spaceship. The point of the argument is regarding the ethical choice for policies for sharing our resources to help the poor. Mr. Hardin brings out a question on equality in distribution if we are a spaceship from the argument. It is not an easy mutual agreement. It needs a high-level of cooperation. Hardin`s said; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦does everyone on Earth have an equal right to an equal right to an equal share of its resources? The spaceship metaphor can be dangerous when used by misguided idealist to justify suicidal policies for sharing our resources through uncontrolled immigration and foreign aid (Hardin, G. 1976) Besides that, Hardin opposed the spaceship metaphor because; logically spaceship would need a captain for a safe maneuver and under control of the members on board, if wont possibly survive if the maneuver is decided by the committee. The reality of our world is that, we are separated entities or countries, which normally join together for mutual political, benefit, or own country benefit such as at international agreement of Montreal protocol whereby the developing country is given a multilateral fund. The United Nations is merely a toothless tiger, with little power to enforce any policy upon its bickering member (Hardin, G. 1976) Hardin`s Lifeboat Ethics directly divided the world into rich countries and poor countries. If we look, two third of them are desperately poor countries, and only one third is comparatively rich, with United States the wealthiest of all (Hardin, G. 1976). The lifeboat metaphor is used in attempts to explain the flow of the resources redistribution of one rich country in helping with the poor country with such policies. He represents the sea as the world; the lifeboat that full of livable resource as the rich country and the swimmers adrift in the sea as the poor countries. In the essay, Hardin`s lifeboat example that let say a 40 people in the lifeboat, and have room for another 10 people, making a total capacity of 50 people. Supposedly that all in the lifeboat can see another 50 swimmer in the sea, begging to have the other spots remaining in the lifeboat or for handouts of a resource. What should the people in the lifeboat do? Mr. Hardin attempts to argue that rich country should not let the poor country into the lifeboat nor to their land or offering an aid even in emergency situation. A man behave due to certain reasoning, and Hardin`s have it argument. He reasoned that if the rich nation allow the, they may use all the resource and cause the lifeboat to sink or the country to collapse, bringing disaster to the rich and poor. Quoting back what Hardin had said; We have several option: we may be tempted to try to live by the Christian ideal of being our brother`s keeper, or by the Marxist ideal of to each according to his needs. Since the needs of all in the water are the same, and since they can all be seen as our brother, we should take them all into our boat, making a total of 150 in a boat designed for 60. The boat swamps, everyone drawn. Complete justice, complete catastrophe. He stresses the concept of survival, with the limited carrying capacity of the lifeboat, the people inside the boat should admit just enough regarding the capacity. However, even if so, who should be the one? What is the basic in the selection and what about the rest of the swimmer? If talking about morality in principle, all human been have inherent value and they all should be selected. Nevertheless, the carrying capacity of the lifeboat plays major role. Hardin also suggest no to admit the place to the swimmer and keep their safety factor, the engineering principle of critical importance. Like this seen as the clear last means of survival, even it is morally wrong to many and some may feel burden by their good luck, Hardin made it a clear cut; Get out and yield your place to other (Hardin, G. 1976). Hardin believe that when a famine, war or other disastrous event occur which cost significant amount of life is just a way of nature work to balancing itself out. An article from Garre tt Hardin published in New York Times, 1987 explained further his stands. Since Ethiopia has far too many people for its resources, if you give food and save life and thus increase the number of people, you increase suffering and ultimately increase the loss of life New York Times, 1987 Many philosopher with Garrett Hardin`s idea, which does not fit into the morality belief of the society, human cannot let another human to die. Thus, create a conflict of morality and ethics obligation in community and own conscience. Even so, Lifeboat Ethics bringing upfront the ultimately questioning whether providing aid to the poor is actually harmful in the long run due to the fact that Earth cannot sustain everyone and their need or should there be any other ways of helping the poor; without sinking both countries. Hardin address the importance of knowing the limited carrying capacity. A nation`s land owned limited capacity to support its population (Hardin, G. 1976), it is the unspoken reality. Hardin enlarge the image from this basic lifeboat metaphor with the real world problems of overpopulation and hunger within which a solution need to be finding soon with the resource dwindling, the different between economy gap in rich and poor countries will only increase with addition to factor such as the different of reproduction rate as the sharing of resources would only be disastrous in a long run. In short it can be summarize that he argue that develop countries should not help countries with starvation people such as those India, by sending food only as this will just worsening the countries like India. He emphasizes that we can never merely do one thing, and that supplying only food worsen the political and economic conflict, agricultural dependency, over-population and environmental degradation (Hardin, G. 1976). Hardin emphasize that rather than sending Food supply only or the ill-founded World Food Bank, which he argue is just proposed and defend because of other special silent selfish interest behind the idea even it looks humanitarians appealing to public, a much better solution with the modern approach is the export of technology and advice. Mr. Hardin states that; An an ancient Chinese proverb goes; Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day; teach him how to fish and he will eat for the rest of his days. Hardins presentations of the argument against helping the poor nations to survive was based upon the assumptive validity of a) the lifeboat metaphor, b)the tragedy of the commons theory and c) theory of the relationship between reproduction and availability of food in human population (Drake, R.S. 2000) . Mr. Hardin supports the lifeboats ethics from a special application of the logic of the commons (May, L., Wong, K. Delston, J. 1987) . In my opinion, I disagree with Garrett Hardin lifeboat metaphor application in the case of helping the poor countries, as food supply and foreign aid is a conscience of the rich country to help the poor countries. Regarding the selfish silent act and in term of the aid distribution as Hardin`s did argue in his essay, there is always a room to improve. To my clear thought, it is sort of how the world supposed to be, you help the unfortunate, and how you do it is the art in science so that it benefits the poor countries but did not worsen the rich countries. On the other note, Mr. Hardin`s lifeboat Ethics argument such as carrying capacity can be perceive in Environmental Ethical. Carrying capacity as Ethical concept can be influence such in the nature resource consumption and nature stock management and policies in a country or should I say in a lifeboat. Firstly, if I may represent the lifeboat to symbolize a country nature resources and the swimmer outside is the population or the consumer. Looking back at the history, since the industrial revolution in the 70`s, the concern of human activities impacts on environment. I wrote in a reality perspective, even though that most of the scattering developing countries lifeboat on the sea is blessed with nature resource but they are being accused as the dirty-hand for the crucial worldwide environment problem; such as climate change. This is because of the over-exploitation of forest for their economic growth. However, in my opinion, United States that refuses to sign the Kyoto Protocol is a major contributor for the Green-House Gasses. Economic driven factor is one of the reason, that many of this rich natural resources is lifeboat is sharing or selling their nature resource to the swimmer itself or to the neighboring common user that leads to over-consumption. Therefore, indeed the idea o f carrying capacity is necessary. Over the last century, countries around the globe fuelled their economic growth using their abundance in natural resources. Indeed, we mind our way to growth and development at a pace where natural regeneration was not possible.( Vickneswaran, N. 2011). In short, we burn our way to prosperity; not a ethical thing to do as there is no thought was put on the consequences of over consumption. Moreover, some of the developing countries having problem with food supply and starvation as well, thus government is in pressure to increase Growth Domestic Product as their priorities is to eradicate poverty and to raise the living standards of their people (Mackinnon, B. 1937). That perhaps sometime, idea of the limited carrying capacity is left behind. It cannot be secluded that literacy level and technological advances between the poor and rich country might be a contributor as well. Even the government, the agencies and the private sector acknowledges it, wi th the economy conflict faced by the population; it will be hard to control the exploitation rate by the people. To create an awareness regarding the importance of environmental protection or effect of pollution, a good practice control implemented to the developing countries population is profoundly will be much easier as the develop countries because the hardship and means of survival between population in India and population in Australia is significantly different. The society level of not equal; it is something that needs evaluating thoroughly in making any policy decision, thus trying to find a suit solution. Let it be in the international agreement or national agreement as the build-up of the society in the rich and the poor countries is individually. Talking regarding carrying capacity and consumptions of natural resources in a country, population size is also major concern. This is one of the arguments from Mr. Hardin in his Lifeboat Ethics. There seem to be direct relation between human population and resources consumption, as states by Thomas Malthus in his essay, An Essay on the Principles of population. Malthus argue, as our selection makes clear, that under certain condition the increase in human population would increase exponentially, whereas the increase in food supply was likely to be only arithmetic leading to tragedy in term of famine and premature ( VanDeVeer, D. Pierce, C. 2003) .VanDeVeer wrote in his book The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book, that Malthus idea today is being criticized from both the political left and political right. The left claim it support the genocidal programs to deal with overpopulation, while the right claim is just being a technological pessimists and to underestimate the capacity of the planet to support larger population of human. (VanDeVeer, D. Pierce, C. 2003) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦on the matter of what the facts are, over the long run Malthus was basically right. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Further a morally defensible view of the nonhuman environment tends to support Malthusian concern about the overall rapid increase in the size of the human population ( VanDeVeer, D. Pierce, C. 2003 ) The problem of population growth in many developing countries is more likely to be worsening looking at the current reproduction rate. However, the issue of human rights for reproduction is morally sensitive especially to country like India with strong cultural influence. Even with a international negotiation session in the Earth Summit, the expression of population control had always been seen as antagonistic view by women`s group and Feminist Health group as they believe it jeopardize women`s health, is disguised genocide, or places blame on women (Jessica, M. 1990). It can be said to be a dead end there. Moreover reproduction or the population control policies is sovereign to a country. Different alternative corrective measurement need to be to addresses. That is another point by Hardin`s argument that can be perceive, which is the modern approach should be technology transfer and advice. One of the initiator towards this is during the Earth Summit, where the political leaders of developing countries and develop countries gather to discuss regarding the climate change and the step towards sustainability. There might be no captain in the spaceship metaphor that Mr. Hardin rejected, but every leader in the world is moving towards it, the inter-governmental cooperation. In Montreal Protocol, the signatory countries will be given a technology transfer as well multilaterals fund only for developing country. This will increase the benefit to those countries. In the 1970`s, the discovering of two scientists regarding a hole in the ozone layer in one part of our atmosphere become the wake-up call to all to stop the current natural resources overexploitation and environmental pollution as the problem inter-linked. The ozone hole resulting in g lobal warning and the pollution and environmental deteriorating is hastening the effect. Recently the world have experience the diverse effect of climate change, like never before in the history. Maybe previously, the developed countries are neglecting the fact on over-consumption, as the resource is mostly provided by developing countries. However, the impact is now felt world-wide and these countries must take the lion`s share of responsibility to reverse the tide of this environmental destruction and resource depletion. The modern approach will give better result in environmental issues, as it will increase the benefit and increase the cost that the country would have to bare due to deteriorating environment in a long run, similar to the utilitarian form of reasoning. Technological advances will also divert the world dependency on natural resource and can act as the substitutions resources to the non-renewable resource such as fossil fuel which will be more sustainable. By year, the world community is more and more verse in the issues of environment, natural resource, economic and human environment impact. We shifted from do not know, to know and now we know better. Hunger and starvation is not always, and may not even usually be, a by-product of a lack of a lack of food on the planet but it is often a skewed distribution of food and the radically unequal distribution of wealth or income that makes those who are hungry unable to call forth a response from a market ready to supply those who are willing and able to pay for the food (VanDeVeer, D. Pierce, C. 2003). The rich countries which normally monopolize the trade market, is also utilizing the benefit from the nature resource product of developing countries indirectly with the unequal distribution of wealth, because of our market system. Accelerated by the ever rising demand of raw material from the develop countries and the race to increase economy growth, consumption of the natural resources by most developing country is feared to be reaching it tipping point. Realizing the problem, some philosopher attempts in arguments with economic reasoning to what proper policies would be and importantly the grounds for deciding the market system for goods and service provide by the environment and natural resources. Because many environmental issues involve diverse values and competing interests and claim, an argument using technique known as cost-benefit analysis is useful in thinking what is the best ought to do to increase benefit and decrease the cost with keeping in mind regarding the carrying capacity concept (Mackinnon, B. 1937). Example if we have a choice between two, like government or businessman who have to choose on various actions and policies, we have to assess and compare various harms and cost and benefit to choose the better policy. In such analysis, assessment of the factual matters and the establishment of value for the good and service provided by the natural re source and environment are important. Nevertheless ,the problem of Tragedy of Commons also need to be tackle in doing the evaluation for a more effective result. In environmental ethics, it is ought to be moral thing to preserve the environment because it have instrumental value to human; taking an anthropocentric instrumentalist point of view. No-one would deny that the economy uses environmental assets. It provides countless type of raw material, such as minerals, timber and freshwater that is combined with other form of capital to produce commodities for human consumption. Therefore the preservation of the environment which also rooted from understanding carrying capacity is important not only for the current generation but as well to the generation after us. To me, one part of environmental ethics has to always taking into consideration of the next generation. How today actions and decision will effect to the next generation? Will it increase the net utility or vice versa? Garrett Hardin Lifeboat ethics argue, that by sending the food, we nurture the population growth more thus will just increase pollution and hastening the environmental destruction for the next generation, with the same point but in relations to the carrying capacity ethical concept, the generational equality should be the reasoning for the present gen eration to stop and think for a while. Some argue, why we should think of the next generation as what did we benefited from them? But not all duties are mutual exchange to the benefit that we gain, example in parental duties toward children from whom parents may never benefit. It is worth noting a distinction made by one philosopher, Marry Anne Warren in Do potential people have right? between merely possible people who might exist and those who will exist; call the latter future people. Therefore it is owned duties to the next generation as it is not fair for the prior generation to virtually exhaust most of the planet`s resources and sinks and leave the present generation with crumbs. The moral thing ought to do is using them in a sustainable manner. This is where the term, sustainability and sustainable development kicks in. Development which is much fuelled by the natural resources is closely interlinked and capable of moving forward. Gus Speth, president of World Resource Insti tute write; It is clear that development and economic reforms will have no lasting success unless they are suffused with concern for ecological stability and wise management of resources (Speth, J.G. 1981). In the fight for resource security, sustainable development is the new buzzword. Sustainable Development as defined by The Bruntland Commission as that the meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of the future generation to meets their own. Sustainability is basically the capacity to endure and all progress can be sustainable, if we can understand the state we are in at present, the direction that we should move and how we will know when we have arrived. It is a mission to achieve environment equilibrium with society and economy perspective. In the roads towards that, it is the new level of global co-operation. Nevertheless the first step to know the country present state, a natural accounting system is advisable. In the conventional economy accounting system, which is divided into income account and asset account is considered to be less effective since it did not captured the interaction between economic activity and environment. Let put Earth in a balance sheet, accounting provide economic information that concern the governments, busines s or households to measure performance and making decisions. The most important indicator is Gross- Domestic Product (GDP), which only measure transactions with market price and the asset income for the capital stock. Some of the environmental goods and service did have a market price such as timber; however the most of it did not have a market-price. In order to correct and put valued to the environmental goods and value such as amenity methods such willingness-to-pay by the user is used by economist. Thus with a value, over-consumption can be controlled. Accounting did not include the status and value of natural capital stock.. The value of capital goods, such as building and equipment will decline with the use because of physical wear. This gradual decrease in the future production potential of capital stocks is directly integrated into national flow accounts by a depreciated allowance that amortize the asset`s value over its useful lifetime (Repetto, R. 1992). Simply put it will give country heads-up regarding the depreciate stock in a capital goods, and need to invest for the new capital goods as the existing assets decrease if the future income-producing ability of the entire capital stock in the country to be preserved (Mohd.Shahwahid Hj.Othman et.al, 2002). However, there is no heads-up in term of the decrease natural resource stock and economic assets. Natural Accounting System is established as a supplement the national income accounts. Compiling the environmental statistic will help to guide the decision maker to consider the impact of any policies and or project on the natural stocks of natural resource to make it a livable country for the present generation and future generation so that we did not over our carrying capacity and the resource is exploited and manage in a system of sustainable management so that the environment is given time to re-balance. The end road seem to be rather glorious, with achieving a working system of sustainable development and efficient natural resources management together, however it will meet lots of up`s and down`s , failure and success as well reconciling here and there ,as this is a condition that no man-kind have faced before. As highlighted by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to make it happen, we have to be prepared to make major changes in our lifestyles, our economic models, our social organization and our political life IMPAK 2011

The Changing Role of Women in Automobile Advertisements Essay -- Compa

Side-by-side are two advertisements, each showing a picture of a car and two family members. The ads demonstrate the amount of power allotted to women in the times they were made. The differences in these ads far outweigh the similarities. The ad Ââ€"from a 1954 Good Housekeeping Ââ€"shows a woman being reprimanded by her husband for wrecking their car. The otherÂâ€"from a 2003 RedbookÂâ€"shows a wife and mother holding her daughter with one hand and an umbrella with the other. One woman is ignorant, irresponsible, incapable, and not in control; the other is competent, responsible, and in control. The evolution of advertising reflects the changes that have taken place in the way American society views women. The ads use body image, body language, and text to encapsulate the stereotypical women of each era; in the 50's, women needed to be controlled, but now women can be in control. The 1954 ad portrays the ideal woman of that era. This ideal was incredibly unrealistic. She has a tiny waist but large birthing hips. Her feet are small and she's wearing super-high heels. Her hands are petite and feminine, yet she's not holding anythingÂâ€"her purse has fallen to the ground. But, not a hair is out of place, and the elegant skirt and top she is wearing look unharmed, putting even more emphasis on the fact that the man is "wearing the pants." The 1950's society viewed women as incompetent. They needed their husbands to be in control because they could not fend for themselves; when they tried, they "crumpled fenders." Still, the woman in the ad is the ideal womanÂâ€"Barbie. She is only good for looking pretty and having children, otherwise, she can't do anything right. No wonder she is not able to drive the car without wreckingÂâ€"that in... ...rn society sees women as real people with intellect. Instead of not being allowed or perceived as capable of controlling their own lives and situation, today's women are expected to control their own lives without interference or constant dependence on others, or more specifically, their husbands. These advertisements demonstrate just what a drastic change has taken place in the last fifty years. Even though both ads are about cars, the body image, body language, and text portray a striking difference in the view of women. Maybe this change was brought about by the Women's Liberation Movement, maybe such subjugation just cannot last forever. But whatever the cause, the change has definitely taken place. Works Cited "Dodge Caravan." Advertisement. Redbook June 2003: 75. "Safety Power Steering by Saginaw." Advertisement. Good Houskeeping Feb. 1954: 40.

Elective Banking Management Part

Explain the factors the branch manager has to take into account at the time of preparation of the budget. 4. Write an essay on Globalization in the Banking Industry. 5. Examine the economic functions of banks. 6. Explain Fractional-reserve banking. 25 x 4=100 marks Answers 2. Explain performance budgeting exercise as a tool for deposit manipulation. Performance budgeting can be defined as budgeting for the performance of an individual or an organization.In the context of an organization what is required is to set some broad objectives for the organization at the top management level and motivate the employees in such a manner that they also feel like setting some individual goals, which are nevertheless complementary to the goals for the organization. Performance budgeting exercise is elucidated in the below steps: 1. Defining the Commanding Area: The concept of command areas is a highly dynamic one, having relevance only to a particular budget year.This means that the command areas of branch need not be the same for all years on the other hand, it should be changed as and when the branch has tapped the full potential of the area. Again there is another wrong concept about the command areas that it should be geographically contiguous areas around the branch. Actually the command areas of a branch should be the possible main areas, which the ranch can effectively serve during the particular years, as felt by the branch manager and the staff.Thus branch can have as its command area, a whole village, as war, as street of a town, a big building housing several offices, etc. Of course this does not mean business from other areas is not welcome but only that our main thrust will in this area. 2. Environmental Scanning and Market Segmentation: Environmental scanning really means scanning the branch environment, both inside and outside. Often we tend to ignore the internal factors as we understand it today, this involves identification of the market and its attention, the evaluation and selection of this market after it is segmented.But let us try to look at it from a different angel. A. The Internal Factors: There are three important factors to be considered under this head they are: Employees of the branch – human resources Non human resource – infrastructure Top management – the controlling offices It is a fact the branch management can realize its goals only through the active co-operation of the staff working in the branch and the administrative offices. There a fair knowledge of the nature of staffs their aspirations and robbers will help branch manager to take them along with his as team to achieve the goals.Naturally, he should interact with them as frequently as possible. The manager should also try to create good rapport with higher authorities. For this is should properly communicate with them regarding this action plan and feed them with sufficient data at the appropriate time. He must work in close liaison with t hem so that he can strengthen his hand and try to avoid origination conflicts and help himself to take quick and sound decisions consistent with the policies of the bank. Then comes the assessment of the infrastructural facilities available in the branch.The goals set for the branch should be possible to be achieved with the available infrastructure thus we can very well see that non achievement of budgetary goals cannot be ascribes to staff shortage, if the spirit of the performance budget is properly understood. B. The External Factors: Four important factors under this head National plan objectives and government policies Aspirations and expectations in the command area Customer satisfaction Handling competition from rivals The national plan objectives are normally given in the policy guidelines book published by the central office, planning department.These should be through at length. The prime function of bank is to accept deposits from those with surplus money and lend it to those who need it for productive investment. This necessitates the identification of pockets of potential deposit on the one hand and identification of person who need advance for productive purposes, on the other. Collection of these data is very important and it has to be done methodically. These data can be used to: 1. Segment the market according to various parameters. 2. Prepare bankable schemes for various segments and .It is better that these data are collected and kept updated frequently. Regarding customer satisfaction, we have to ensure that the primary motto in formulating any scheme is the satisfaction of the customer. We have to worry about the competition from other financial institution and fellow bankers. For this we have to know the terms, nature and cost of services rendered by our competition and also their marketing strategies. Apart from all these, the branch manager should try to: Develop personal inclination to take safe risks.Create a climate of confidence an d trust within the branch Establish personal rapport with the higher authorities and Take quick an sound decisions 3. Studying the past trend in business growth: A study of the past trend in the business growth of the branch helps the manger to take as stock of the inherent strength and weakness of the branch, the staff members and its location, etc. This must be done to mark the budget realistic. There is no point in setting a budget, which IS very ambitious for a branch with limited resources. . Preparation of Tentative Budget: After doing all the above exercise, the branch manager should attempt to rooter the incremental growth in business for the next year. It is at this stage that he should seek the reviews of all his staff members in agreement and frank atmosphere. Preferably a meeting of all the staff members should be called in which he can present all the details. It should then be left to the group to decide how much should be the incremental growth in business for their b ranch.In such a meeting, the leadership qualities of the manger should be made use of, so as to elicit the view of each and every staff member. Apart from this the manager should patiently listen to the view so everybody. It all the certain views and suggestions are not acceptable to the group, the members should be convinced of the reason why they are not acceptable. Once sufficient deliberations have been gone through in the meeting a consensus decision in regard to the incremental growth in the business in each sector like deposits, advances, profit etc. Ill be taken. There is important advantage in formulating the budget in this way. Because the goals have been set jointly, every member for the staff will be totally committed to the goals and will be striving hard to achieve them. As a result, he budge of the branch will not be treated as the branch managers budget but will recognized as a branch budget. 5. Participating in the Budget Meeting of the Region: The branch manager pr esent this draft budget to eh regional manager in the budget meeting convened by the latter for the entire region.In this meeting, the regional manager present the macro level scenario of the region and invites suggestion and views of the individual branch manages regarding their contribution to the achievement of the incremental business growth for the regions for the next year. The draft budgets brought by the individual branch angers are the discussed and the total business for the entire regions is arrived at. The figures furnished by the individual branches are not simply accepted by the regional manager. The branch managers will have to us passionate their projected business figures to the satisfaction of the regional manager. . The Final Budget Meeting at the Branch: After the regional manager has finalize the regional budgets in the above meeting, the branch manager has to convene another staff meeting in his own branch to inform the staff member s about the details of the f inal budget room the draft budget, the branch manager should explain the position to all the staff members to their satisfaction. In this way all the staff members are very well aware of the task. In this meeting some notion plans can also be chalked out. 7.Review Meeting at Branch Level and Regional Level: Once the budget year starts, the real action begins. Success of any planned project depends on large extent on the periodic review of the progress made. The entire yearly budget can be divided into quarterly or half yearly budgets. In the review meetings half of the regional level, the performance of each ranch will be reviewed visit–visit the targets; For making the regional review meetings more meaningful, it is advisable to attempt such review meetings at the individual branches by conducting staff meetings.This should be preferably done before the regional review meetings so that the branch manager is ready with all the necessary details when comes for the regional mee ting specifically in regard to the reasons for variances, if any from the budgetary goals. 3. Explain the factors the branch manager has to take into account at the time of preparation of the budget. At the time of preparation of the budge, the branch manager has to take into account the following four factors: 1.Bank's corporate goals 2. Rib's ground rules 3. Government of Indian's Directives 4. Expectations of the people in the command area 1. Bank's corporate goals The corporate goal of the bank, as decided by the top management, forms the basis of the performance budget. As such it is necessary that these are clearly spelt out and advised to the branches well in time. In some banks these are given in the booklet, â€Å"Policy Guidelines†, brought Out by the central office every year.This provides the branches the broad guidelines, covering the economic scenario for the country and the bank's expectations of the incremental growth in the business during the coming year. 2. Rib's Ground Rules There are certain ground rules prescribed by the RIB, which should govern all the activities of the bank. They are summarized below: a. No bank shall pay interest on current account. B. No bank shall pay countervailing interest on any current accounts maintained with it by its borrowers. C.No bank shall discriminate in the matter of rate of interest paid on deposits, between one deposit and another, accepted on the same date and the same maturity, whether such deposits are accepted at the same office or at the different offices of the bank. D. No bank shall pay brokerage on deposits in any form to any individual, firm, company, association, institution or any other person, except I) Commission paid to agents, employed to collect door to door deposits under special schemes ii) Inexpensive gifts costing not more than the amount prescribed by the RIB in this regard from time to time. Ii) Incentive granted to staff members as approved by RIB from time to time. E. No bank shall violate the other instructions issued by RIB from time to time, on payment of interest and related aspects in accepting of deposits and granting advances. 3. Government of India Directives The government of India issues directives from time to time to banks in the matter Of providing credit to the priority sector and other specified groups, and implementation for various poverty alleviation programs.These are kept in mind at the time of drawing the credit plan for the ensuring year. 4. Expectation of People of the Command Area Over all above all these, the branch manager at the time of drawing up the actual budget has to take into account the expectation of the people inhabiting the command area in regard to their credit needs and also other types of services, especially now that we are going to adopt the set-vice areas approach in all our activities.Answer: Fractional-reserve banking is the practice whereby a bank holds reserves (to satisfy demands for withdrawals) that are less than the amount of its customers' deposits. Reserves are held at the bank as currency, or as deposits in the bank's accounts at the central bank. Because bank deposits are usually considered money in their own right, fractional-reserve banking permits the none supply to grow beyond the amount of the underlying reserves of base money originally created by the central bank Fractional-reserve banking is the current form of banking practiced in most countries worldwide.Fractional reserve banking has been said to violate Islamic principles of ownership. Working of Fractional Reserve Banking In most legal systems, a bank deposit is not a bailsmen. In other words, the funds deposited are no longer the property of the customer. The funds become the property of the bank, and the customer in turn receives an asset called a deposit account (a checking or savings account). That deposit account is a liability on the balance sheet of the bank.Each bank is legally authorized to issue cred it up to a specified multiple of its reserves, so reserves available to satisfy payment of deposit liabilities are less than the total amount which the bank is obligated to pay in satisfaction of demand deposits. Fractional-reserve banking ordinarily functions smoothly. Relatively few depositors demand payment at any given time, and banks maintain a buffer of reserves to cover depositors' cash withdrawals and other demands for funds.However, during a bank run or a generalized financial crisis, demands or withdrawal can exceed the bank's funding buffer, and the bank will be forced to raise additional reserves to avoid defaulting on its obligations. A bank can raise funds from additional borrowings (e. G. , by borrowing in the interbrain lending market or from the central bank), by selling assets, or by calling in short-term loans. If creditors are afraid that the bank is running out of reserves or is insolvent, they have an incentive to redeem their deposits as soon as possible befor e other depositors access the remaining reserves.Thus the fear of a bank run can actually precipitate the crisis. Many of the practices of contemporary bank regulation and central banking, including centralized clearing of payments, central bank lending to member banks, regulatory auditing, and government-administered deposit insurance, are designed to prevent the occurrence of such bank runs. Economic Function of Fractional Reserve Banking: Fractional-reserve banking allows banks to create credit in the form of bank deposits, which represent immediate liquidity to depositors.The banks also provide longer-term loans to borrowers, and act as financial intermediaries for those funds. Less liquid forms of deposit (such as time deposits) or riskier lasses of financial assets (such as equities or long-term bonds) may lock up a depositor's wealth for a period of time, making it unavailable for use on demand. This â€Å"borrowing short, lending long,† or maturity transformation func tion of fractional-reserve banking is a role that many economists consider to be an important function of the banking system.Additionally, according to macroeconomic theory, a well-regulated fractional-reserve bank System also benefits the economy by providing regulators with powerful tools for influencing the money supply and interest rates. Many economists believe hat these should be adjusted by the government to promote macroeconomic stability. The process of fractional-reserve banking expands the money supply of the economy but also increases the risk that a bank cannot meet its depositor withdrawals. Modern central banking allows banks to practice fractional-reserve banking with inter-bank business transactions with a reduced risk of bankruptcy.Money Creation Process There are two types of money in a fractional-reserve banking system operating with a central bank: Central Bank Money: money created or adopted by the central bank regardless Of its form -? precious metals, moodily certificates, banknotes, coins, electronic money loaned to banks, or anything else the central bank chooses as its form of money Commercial Bank Money: demand deposits in the banking system; sometimes referred to as â€Å"checkbook money† When a deposit of central bank money is made at a bank, the central bank money is removed from circulation and added to the commercial banks' reserves (it is no longer counted as part of MI money supply). Simultaneously, an equal amount of new commercial bank money is created in the form of bank deposits. When a loan is made by the commercial ann. (which keeps only a fraction of the central bank money as reserves), using the central bank money from the commercial bank's reserves, the ml money supply expands by the size of the loan. This process is called â€Å"deposit multiplication†.Regulatory Requirements: Government controls and bank regulations related to fractional-reserve banking have generally been used to impose restrictive r equirements on note issue and deposit taking on the one hand, and to provide relief from bankruptcy and creditor claims, and/or protect creditors with government funds, when banks defaulted on the other hand. Such measures have included for examples such as: Minimum required reserve ratios (Errs) Minimum capital ratios Government bond deposit requirements for note issue 100% Marginal Reserve requirements for note issue and Sanction on bank defaults and protection from creditors for many months or even years The Banking Sector has for centuries now formed one of the pillars of economic prosperity. Indeed history provides us with some starting information regarding how banks provided finance for imperialist ventures in newly acquired colonies.Over time banks have formed an important part in providing an avenue for both savings and investments. Land, Labor, capital and entrepreneurs are the basic economic resources available to business. However, to make the use of these resources, a b usiness requires finance to purchase of the land, hire labor, pay for capital goods and pay for individuals with specialized skills. Detail role of functions of banks in economic development is given below: Trade Development The banks provide capital, technical assistance and other facilities to businessmen according to their need, which leads to development in trade. Agriculture Development Banks finance the most important sector Of the developing economics I. Agriculture, short, medium and long-term loans are provided for the purchase of seeds and fertilizer, installation of tube wells, construction of warehouses, purchase of tractor and thresher etc. Industrial Development The countries, which concentrated on industrial sector made rapid economic development. South Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Indonesia have recently developed their industrial sector with the help of banks. Capital Formation Banks help in increasing the rate of capital formation in a country. Capital fo rmation means increase in number of production units, technology, plant ND machinery. They finance the projects responsible for increasing the rate of capital formation. Development of Foreign Trade Banks help the traders of two different countries to undertake business.Letter Of credit is issued by the importer's bank to the exporters to ensure the payment. The banks also arrange foreign exchange. Transfer of Money Banks provide the facility of transferring funds from one place to another which leads to the growth of trade. More Production A good banking system ensures more production in all sectors of the economy. It increases the prod auction capabilities of the economy by threatening capital structure and division of labor Development of Transport The banks financed the transport sector. It has reduced unemployment on one hand and increased the transport facility on the other hand. Remote areas are linked to main markets through developed transport system.Safe Custody The busine ss concerns and individuals can make themselves tension free by depositing their surplus money in banks. The banks also provide them the facility of lockers to keep their precious articles and necessary documents safe. Increase in Saving Banks persuade the people to save more. Different saving schemes with attractive interest rates are introduced for this purpose. Number of bank branches is opened in urban and rural areas. Construction of Houses Banks provide credit facilities to their customers for the purchase or construction of houses. Assistance to Government By providing funds to government for development programs, the banks share the government for economic stability.

Teenage Suicide A Challenging Period Of Life - 3083 Words

Adolescence is a challenging period of life, when individuals undergo major physical and psychological changes between the ages of 10 and 19. This period is accompanied by many needs, all of which contribute to increased risk-taking in youth, such as suicidal behaviors. Suicide is the third leading cause of death for youth between the ages of 10 and 24 in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). Among this same age group, suicide accounts for 20% of all deaths annually. In a 2011 nationally representative sample of high school students, 15.8% of students reported that they had seriously considered attempting suicide during the last year, 12.8% reported that they made a plan about how they would attempt suicide, 7.8% reported that they had attempted suicide at least once, and 2.4% of students reported that they made a suicide attempt that required medical attention (CDC, 2012a). For every completed suicide among youth between the ages of 15 and 24, t here are about 100-200 suicide attempts (Goldsmith et al., 2002). Suicide among adolescents also contributes to social and economic burden through a loss of productivity. Specifically, Yang and Lester (2007) estimated the costs of each youth between the ages of 15 and 24 who completed suicide as $1,022,950 from lost lifetime earnings in 2005. The CDC (2012b) Cost of Injury Module indicates that, in 2005, death by suicide for youth ages 10-19 resulted in approximately $8,482,000 in medical costsShow MoreRelatedDepression Is The First Leading Cause Of Suicide1496 Words   |  6 PagesToday in America, depression is the first leading cause of suicide. Reported in recent statistics, every year, thousands of people succeed in taking their lives and even more have attempted suicide at some point (Hyde and Held 8). 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